How to Use Loops in Ruby Programming

Computer programs often have to perform actions a number of times, not just once. For example, a program that prints all of your new email will need to print each email from a list, not just a single email. To do this, constructs called loops are used. A loop will repeat the statements inside it a number of times until some condition is met. While Loops The first type of these loops is a while loop. While loops will execute all of the statements contained within them as long as the conditional statement remains true. In this example, the loop continually increases the value of the variable i by one. As long as the conditional statement i 10 is true, the loop will continue executing the statement i 1 which adds one to the variable. #!/usr/bin/env rubyi 0while i 10i 1endputs i Until Loops Until loops are almost identical to while loops except that they will loop as long as the conditional statement is false. The while loop will loop while the condition is true, the until loop will loop until the condition is true. This example is the functional equivalent of the while loop example, except using an until loop, until i 10 . The variable is incremented by one until its value equals ten. #!/usr/bin/env rubyi 0until i 10i 1endputs i Loops the "Ruby Way" Though the more traditional while and until loops are used in Ruby programs, closure-based loops are more common. It isnt even necessary to understand what closures are or how they work in order to use these loops; in fact, theyre viewed as normal loops despite being very different under the hood. The Times Loop The times loop can be used on any variable containing a number or used on a number itself. In the following example, the first loop is run 3 times and the second loop is run however many times is input by the user. If you input 12, it would run 12 times. Youll notice that the times loop uses the dot syntax (3.times do) rather than the keyword syntax used by the while and until loop. This has to do with how the times loop works under the hood but its used in the same way a while or until loop is used. #!/usr/bin/env ruby3.times doputs This will be printed 3 timesendprint Enter a number: num gets.chomp.to_inum.times doputs Ruby is great!end The Each Loop The each loop is perhaps the most useful of all the loops. Each loop will take a list of variables and run a block of statements for each of them. Since almost all computing tasks use lists of variables and have to do something with each of them in the list, the each loop is by far the most common loop in Ruby code. One thing to note here is the argument to the loops block of statements. The value of the current variable the loop is looking at is assigned to the variable name in pipe characters, which is |n| in the example. The first time the loop runs, the n variable will be equal to Fred, the second time the loop runs it will be equal to Bob and so on. #!/usr/bin/env ruby# A list of namesnames [ Fred, Bob, Jim ]names.each do|n|puts Hello #{n}end

Social Disorganization Theory And Racial Inequality

Introduction There has been serval research studies that are dedicated to describing the social disorganization theory and racial inequality, that are so often found in certain communities, but although there are serval studies done there seems to be very little data to support racial inequality. The ethnic and racial minorities are always overrepresented when we look at violent crimes, arrests, and other criminal acts or behavior within the lower class communities or neighborhoods, because of the high attentiveness of ethnic and racial minority groups (Sampson et al., 2005). Other researches have taken a look at, to what extent does social disorganization factors such as ethnic heterogeneity in neighborhoods; poverty; dilapidated housing; single families’ homes; and socioeconomic status might influence criminal acts/behaviors that are committed by racial and ethnic minorities (Sampson Wilson, 1995; Sampson Groves, 1989; Shaw McKay, 1929). For example Shaw and McKay (1929) who we can consider the father of social disorganization theory, found that it was not ethnicity or race that influenced these groups involvement in crime, but rather the social disorganization and its location within the area that affected the crime rates. Within this research we will attempt to find ways gain and understanding as to why these areas tend to be more affected than others, and to examine ways to address the lack of support of Social disorganization and racial inequality withinShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Social Disorganization Theory908 Words   |  4 Pages A mong the different explanations proposed, there is a predominant theory: the theory of social disorganization. As described by Dr. Rengifo (2009), the social disorganization theory, forwarded by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (1942), suggests that the variation in crime rates is linked to the weakened social integration of neighbourhoods which is a result of the presence of delinquent subcultures and structural factors on social interactions that lead to the absence of self-regulatory mechanismsRead MoreHow The Social Structure Affect Social Impact Social Apathy And The Lack Of Delinquent Opportunity Within Their Neighborhood Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesand offer support that will also explicate how the social structure can affect/impact social disorganization and inequality in these neighborhoods very differently, in addition to how other structure contexts might help to lead to violent outcomes† (Cancino, Martinez Jr., Stowell, 2009, para. 10-11). There by this quantitative research overall objective, is to gain some type of understanding that will help to explain if the neighborhood social processes, crime rates, and the lack of delinquentRead MoreHigh School Dropout Levels951 Words   |  4 Pagesgive public safety leaders an idea of how this can impact inequality (e.g. high school dropout levels, kids having kids, lack of parental guidance, etc.). Then we need to examine the communities to see what type of living environment is within those communities, like â€Å"Broken Windows (theory)†, meaning are there dilapidated homes, or cars heavily in their communities? Are their gang activities in the neighborhood, if so what is the racial makeup of these gangs? Next the research will also examineRead MoreCrime Rates Between Neighbourhoods With Low Poverty1711 Words   |  7 Pagesfar, both theories are able to explain the crime inequality observed insides neighbourhoods; however, when it comes to explaining the difference in crime rates between neighbourhoods with similarly low levels of poverty, social disorganization theory is not able to fully explain why such difference may occur, as it places a greater focus on the internal dynamics of the neighbourhoods than on the external contingencies (Peterson Krivo, 2010, p. 92). Based on Table 4.5 of Divergent Social Worlds: NeighborhoodRead MoreThe Social Disorganization Theory Is An Intriguing Theory976 Words   |  4 PagesThe Social Disorganization theory is an intriguing theory that can be seen in our society today. This theory states that â€Å"disorganized communities cause crime because informal social controls break down and criminal cultures emerge† (Cullen 6). The city of Ch icago was the predominate focus upon the construction of this theory. The reasoning for this was because Chicago was the fastest growing population in the 19th century, a population starting at 5,000 in 1800 and growing to 2 million in 1900,Read MoreThe Social Disorganization Theory Of Crime1141 Words   |  5 Pages One of the most important and well-studied criminological theories intended to explain and predict crime rates is social disorganization theory (Sampson 2012). The social disorganization theory of crime was originally articulated by Shaw and McKay (1942) to explain differences in neighborhood crime rates among juvenile delinquents in concentric zones in the Chicago metropolitan area. They found that some areas had consistently high crime rates and juvenile arrests over time despite population changesRead MoreLabeling Theory And Its Effect On The Individual1233 Words   |  5 Pages1) The labeling theory basically categorize individuals who breaks the laws or commit crime. The purpose of the labeling is to cause social humiliation so the individual want commit the crime again. Labels are placed on individuals who commit crime to reduce repeat offenses. A person of prestige that has a high ranking social class is the individual that usually determines how labels are applied. Labeling theory can have a negative effect on the individual who is categorized, the ind ividual is moreRead MoreGang Leader For A Day957 Words   |  4 PagesThe majority of black communities in 1989 were among the poorest neighbourhoods in Chicago. Approximately 20% of black people were unemployed, compared to only 5.4% of unemployed white people (Street,2007). These statistics represent racial inequality which caused a lot of internal, and external damage to the black population. Rogue Sociologist, Sudhir Venkatesh’s (2008) novel called Gang Leader for a Day, reveals this disparity. In 1989 Sudhir participated in qualitative research, by studying theRead MorePoverty, Social Disorganization And Their Effects On Crime Rates1444 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment #1 Poverty, Social Disorganization and Their Effects on Crime Rates SOC1A06 Professor Sandra Colavecchia Joseph Murray 400016517 Tuesday, October 20th 2015Part B Article 1 Hannon, L. (2002). Criminal opportunity theory and the relationship between poverty and property crime. Sociological Spectrum, 22(3), 363-381. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732170290062676 Hannon, Analyzes the level of poverty present in neighbourhoods in Austin, Texas and Seattle, Washington and the rates ofRead MoreEssay about Social Disorginization theory 1296 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Social Disorganization theory was developed in the mid 1940’s by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay while they were researchers studying at the Institute for Social Research in Chicago. Shaw and McKay (1942) based their research of the study of crime in Chicago off of the work that Ernest Burgess theorized in how urban areas grow through a process of continual expansion from their inner core toward outlying areas. According to Cullen and Agnew (20011) one of the primary arguments in the social disorganization

Heat Stress in Workplac Free Essays

August 2001 . HEATSTROKE / SUN STROKE This is not necessarily the result of exposure to the sun. It is caused by exposure to an environment in which the body can no longer rid itself of excess heat. We will write a custom essay sample on Heat Stress in Workplac or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, the body soon reaches a point where the heat-regulating mechanism breaks down completely and the internal temperature rises rapidly. SYMPTOMS Hot , dry skin which maybe red or bluish, severe headache, visual disturbances, rapid temperature rise, The v ictim s h o u ld b e r e m v d fro m o e t h e h e a t i mm d i a t e l y e and c o o le d r a p id ly , u s u a lly by wra p p i n g i n c o o l , we t s h e e t s . PRECAUTIONS Acclimatization: Acclimatize workers to heat by giving them short exposures, followed by gradually longer periods of work in the hot environment. Mechanical Cooling: Forced ventilation and spot cooling by mechanical means (fans, blowers) are helpful in cooling. Using power tools rather than manual labour keeps the body cooler. Rehydration: W o r k e r s should be advised to drink water beyond the point of thirst (every 15 to 20 minutes) . High-carbohydrate diet tends to increase fluid absorption and caffinated beverages like coffee tend to increase Safety Fire Department For more detailed information on Heat Stress, please refer to the proceeding pages. HEAT STRESS IN THE WORKPLACE Heat stress includes a series of conditions where the body is under stress from overheating. It can include heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat rash or heat stroke. Each produces bodily symptoms that can range from profuse sweating to dizziness to cessation of sweating and collapse. Heat stress can be caused by high temperatures, heavy work loads, the type of clothing being worn, etc. It is important to know the signs of heat stress and the proper first aid to treat it. See Common Forms of Heat Stress and recommended first aid on page 4). The signs of heat stress are often overlooked by the victim. The employee may at first be confused or unable to concentrate, followed by more severe symptoms such as fainting and/or collapse. If heat stress symptoms occur, move the employee to a cool, shaded area, give him water and immediately contact the supervisor. At Risk Employees Som e employees are more likely to have heat disorders than others. Younger employees and those more physically fit are often less likely to have problems. Employees with heart, lung or kidney disease, diabetes and those on medications are more likely to experience heat stress problems. Diet pills, sedatives, tranquilizers, and caffeinated drinks can all worsen heat stress effects. It often takes two to three weeks for employees to become acclimatized to a hot environment. This acclimatization can subsequently be lost in only a few days away from the heat. Thus employees should be more cautious about heat stress after coming back from a vacation, when beginning a new job, or after the season’s first heat wave. In short, precautions should be taken anytime there are elevated temperatures (approaching 33 degrees C) and the job is physically demanding. Other Factors Other heat stress factors are also very important. In addition to temperature, increased relative humidity, decreased air movement or lack of shading from direct heat (radiant temperature) will all affect the potential for heat stress. Prevention of Heat Stress – Supervisors †¢ Allow time for employees to adjust to hot jobs when possible. It often takes two to three weeks for an employee to become acclimated to a hot environment. †¢ Adjust the work schedule, if possible. Assign heavier work on cooler days or during the cooler part of the day. †¢ Reduce the workload. Increase the use of equipment during the summer period to reduce physical labor. †¢ †¢ Establish a schedule for work and rest periods during hot days. Train workers to recognize signs and symptoms of heat stress disorders and be prepared to give first aid if necessary. †¢ Choose appropriate employees. Avoid placing â€Å"high risk† employees in hot work environments for extended time periods. Realize individual employees vary in their tolerance to heat stress conditions. Prevention of Heat Stress – Site Workers Learn to recognize the symptoms of heat stress. Pace the work, taking adequate rest periods (in shade or cooler environment). †¢ Use adequate fans for ventilation and cooling, especially when wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). †¢ Site workers have to wear regulation overalls and hardhats. Always try to keep shaded from direct su nshine when possible. Your hardhat will not only protect your head from falling objects and such, but will also protect your head from direct sunshine. †¢ Drink plenty of water. In hot environments the body requires more water than it takes to satisfy thirst. Small quantities taken at frequent intervals, about 150-200 mL of water every 15 to 20 minutes is an effective method for body fluid replacement. COMMON FORMS OF HEAT STRESS Condition Heat Cramps Signs/Symptoms Painful muscle spasms First Aid Salt water intake (. 5% solution) Sport drink intake (Gatorade) Rest in cool environment Heavy sweating —————————————————————-Brief fainting Blurred vision Water intake Lie down in cool environment Heat Syncope —————————————————————-Dehydration Fatigue Reduced movement Fluid and salted food intake Heat Exhaustion —————————————————————-Pale and clammy skin Lie down in cool environment Possible fainting Water intake Weakness, fatigue Loosen clothing Nausea Dizziness Heavy sweating Blurred vision Body temp slightly elevated —————————————————————-Cessation of sweating Immediate, total cooling Skin hot and dry Transport to hospital Red face High body temperature Unconsciousness Collapse Convulsions Confusion or erratic behavior Life threatening condition —————————————————————– Heat Stroke Please direct any safety questions or concerns to SFE/2 the Safety and Fire Department, RAA. Tel: 440-2534 How to cite Heat Stress in Workplac, Essay examples

Inventory Management Auditing and Assurance Services

Question: Discuss about the Inventory Management for Auditing and Assurance Services. Answer: An effective internal control mechanism enhances the functionalities of the business. The process of internal control defines the reliability and effectiveness of the business operations and ensures the legal authenticity. In the given assignment, all the case scenarios are concerned about the Adel Manufacturing Company where sixty workers are associated in the production process and have the specific payroll procedures. In the first case scenario, the internal control weakness can be identified in the area of documentation and authorization. As per the scenario, the company is engaged in the interview process maintaining the exclusivity. They handled all the interview activities alone and the judged the applicants on the basis of the interview. The risk mainly incurred in the area of the documentation procedure followed by the foreman of the factory. Normally they right the hourly rate of pay manually. Furthermore, the foreman identified the newly employed people mentioning the applicants name in the corner of the income tax installment declaration form. This documentation process can be considered as risky because the company does not follow any proper digital form. Filling up all the relevant data about the candidates may be missed out due to an ineffective job responsibilities performed by the foreman of the factory. On the other hand, there may be some different payroll structure for the experie nced or new employees. In other words, the hourly rate of pay may be differed by the types of employees of the organization. Here the new employees are recognized in the improper manner. Therefore, the error can be occurred, if the payroll department mistakenly makes wrong adjustment related to the rate of pay of employees. Furthermore, the authorization of duties is also ineffective because the foreman has made communication with the payroll department verbally. Thus the error can be made due to gap of negotiation among the responsible parties. To control each internal error, the company needs to identify the following aspects: Firstly, the inefficiency of documentation can be improved by the following process of adequate documents and records. In this case, the online procedure can be maintained for the preparation of an income tax installation declaration form. More stresses must be given to record data by the electronic system instead of manual procedure. Secondly, the independent performances must be checked by the continuous internal verification of the control. If the payroll associates of the factory frequently review their individual duties, then the risk of mistake can be reduced or minimized. The record of the blank timesheets has been maintained weekly basis in the case scenario. However the main risk lies in the area of record keeping procedure. The blank timesheet has been filled up in pencil which can be modified at any point of time. The false data such as the records of the daily arrival or departure can be rectified at any point of time. Therefore, such risk can be considered as the potential material misstatement. The evidenced risk can be mitigated by the managing activities properly. The management of the company needs to monitor timesheets by the regular basis. On the other hand, the bio-metrics system can give the accurate information about the employees in and out. In this way, the material cannot be misstated in the near future. In this case scenario, the company has measured the employee performances by monitoring the timesheet. Here each clerk is responsible for the computation of the gross pay, deductions and net pays. Based on such calculation of the employee earnings have been finalized. Therefore, the risk lies in the area of the independent performances. On the other hand, the employee existence may be lost due to the automatic removal system of the company. Therefore, an ineffectiveness of the payroll clerk can become a serious risk for the company. Such identified risk of internal control can be mitigated by improving independent checks and performances. By verifying his own duty, the payroll clerk can enhance their performances. Furthermore, the management should continuously review the calculation which are computed by her before releasing any final payments to the employees of the organization.. In this way, the company can cross check the payment procedure. From the case study, it can be stated that the distribution process of the salary cheques has few flaws. The chief accountant uses to sign the salary cheques, manually and distributes the cheques through the foreman. Such manual signature system includes high risk of forgery. It has been observed in such cases, that the foreman or the labor in-charge, who keeps track of the workers, continues the record of the left workers or create records of the imaginary workers. They may alter the amounts of the cheques or issue new cheques for such ghost workers by forging the signature of the chief accountant. There is flaw in the distribution of the cheques also. The company does not maintain any such procedure, which can ensure whether the workers are getting the cheque in reality or not. The management should introduce digital signature system. Only the chief accountant will have the authorization to use the digital signature. In that case, any other people cannot duplicate his signature to make any forgery. Moreover, the management should maintain a payroll receipt book, where the workers will sign after receiving the cheques. Even the employees, who will be absent on the payment date, should sign it on the next day. Thus, it can minimize the risk of misallocation of slary cheques. Bibliography Boritz, J, L Hayes, J Lim, "A content analysis of auditors' reports on IT internal control weaknesses: The comparative advantages of an automated approach to control weakness identification". inInternational Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 14, 2013, 138-163. Feng, M, C Li, S McVay, H Skaife, "Does Ineffective Internal Control over Financial Reporting affect a Firm's Operations? Evidence from Firms' Inventory Management". inThe Accounting Review, 90, 2015, 529-557. Hoitash, R, U Hoitash, K Johnstone, "Internal Control Material Weaknesses and CFO Compensation*". inContemporary Accounting Research, 29, 2012, 768-803. Skaife, H, D Veenman, D Wangerin, "Internal control over financial reporting and managerial rent extraction: Evidence from the profitability of insider trading". inJournal of Accounting and Economics, 55, 2013, 91-110.